Global Problem Of Violence Against Women Criminology Essay

Global Problem Of Violence Against Women Criminology Essay Violence against women continues to be a global problem. It does not choose race, culture, education, age and class. A persons home while considered as a safe haven for many people is also a place that endangers lives and raises various forms of violence carried out against women. Many instances are womens rights violated in the domestic environment by people (mostly males) who are or have been entrusted with power and/or intimacy by the women in the household. These people are found in the roles of husbands, fathers/stepfathers, uncles, brothers and other relatives. Today, various international organizations have pushed through the protection of women against violence. The Human Rights framework has led to the creation of certain international legal mechanisms that would aid in the protection of women against violence. However, how effective are these mechanisms? Whose responsibility is it in terms of combating domestic violence against women? These are just some of the questions that this essay will explore. II. Introduction It is said that the home is a place where people are supposed to feel a sense of belonging, stability and safety; and where people are guaranteed to receive emotional and physical well-being in the presence of loving and caring relationships (Hart Ben-Yoseph 2005). However, for many, home has become a place of terror and violence, where instead of living in a peaceful and loving environment, people live every day in fear and abuse at the hands of somebody close to them or somebody they even trust (Khan 2000 in Inocenti Digest 2000: 1). Despite various evidences that domestic violence affects many women, beyond cultural background, ethnicity and geographic locations, the issue only surfaced as a significant international human right agenda in the early 1980s (Craven 2003: 1). However, in the recent years, there is said to be a greater understanding of the causes and effects of domestic violence (Khan 2000 in Inocenti Digest 2000: 1). Moreover, along with the issues growing significance, various organizations in the international and regional levels, which were concerned with womens rights, grew along and started to pave way for a new era in human rights (Craven 2003: 1). Some of the conventions which were products of the global consensus on domestic violence were the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), Rights of the Child and the Platform for Action (Khan 2000 in Inocenti Digest, 2000: 1). In Australia, the three specific conventions ratified by the government are the Convention on the Elimination of all Racial Discrimination; the Convention Against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman Degrading or Punishment; and CEDAW which was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in the 1970s (Craven 2003: 2). However, since the ratification of these conventions, health, welfare and legal professionals in Australia were experiencing a great challenge in figuring out how to formulate programs and policies in accordance to the newly conceptualized international law on gender or domestic violence (Craven 2003: 1). Progress has been slow, not only for Australia but also for other nations who adopted the international conventions because the process of identifying effective strategies and approaches to address domestic violence is still in progress of definition (Khan 2000 in Inocenti Digest, 2000: 1). Fifteen years ago, the first national statistics on the incidence and prevalence of domestic violence in Australia were published by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (1996), wherein they were able to survey a sample of 6,300 Australian women and found out the 42% of women who had been in a previous relationship reported to have experienced violence from their partners. In addition, it was found out that half of the women who reported having incidence of violence with their current partners sustained more than one type of act of violence ranging from bruises, cuts, scratches, to stabbing, gun shots or types of injuries (ABS 1996: 55 cited in Mulroney 2003: 1-2). In more recent years, a study conducted by Access Economics (2004) found that in 2002 to 2003, an estimated 408,100 Australians became victims to domestic violence, of which 87% were women (Access Economics 2004: 1). Furthermore, a study conducted by Virueda Payne (2010) through the Australian Institute of Criminology, fou nd that in 2007 to 2008, most homicides that occurred during within that time period were domestic homicides, where the victim usually shared a domestic relationship with the offender. According to Virueda Payne (2010), most of the domestic homicides committed during the period of their study were classified as intimate partner homicides which comprised 60% of their subjects. This goes to show that even with the advent of the covenants and conventions which catered to discussing and formulating policies to prevent or solve cases which involved incidences of domestic violence, there is yet much work and transformation to do before we can say that the world is finally ready and able to put a full stop to domestic violence and abuse. III. Background History of International Human Rights Law Tracing the history of human rights would take us back to the time of the conception of the Ten Commandments and the Code of Hammurabi and the Rights of Athenian Citizens (Weissbrodt de la Vega 2007: 14). The earliest efforts to defend people from abuses such as arbitrary killing, torture, discrimination, starvation and forced eviction came from the belief that individuals have immutable rights as human beings (Weissbrodt de la Vega 2007: 1), and thus they deserve to be protected against any form of abuse. In more recent periods, the efforts to identify and defend human rights was said to be an outcome of the violence and refugee problems during wars (Wesbrodt de la Vega 2007: 14), more specifically after the tragedies which occurred in the Second World War (Cazen 2003). In retrospect, during the rise of the nation-states in the seventeenth century, the classical international law favoured state-sovereignty and did not accept the idea of human rights, for they believed that the nation-state was a good in itself and was more than an instrument to promote welfare and protection among citizens (Wesbrodt de la Vega 2007: 15). However, during the eighteenth to nineteenth century, international law began focusing on previously isolated fields such as the protection of aliens, the protection of minorities, human rights guarantees in national constitutions and laws, abolition of slavery, the protection of victims of armed conflict, self-determination, labor and womens rights. It is believed by some, that the formation of the United Nations in 1945 was a proof of our modern struggle to protect human rights (Weissbrodt de la Vega 2007: 3). According to Weissbrodt and de la Vega (2007) the most important source of International law are treaties and customs, for they are said to have legal binding legal effect between the states that signed those agreements (Weissbrodt de la Vega 2007: 3). Moreover, it was regarded that the most important treaty formed was the United Nations Charter, which was the cause for the establishment of the United Nations (Weissbrodt de la Vega 2007: 3). About 188 nations around the world singed the United Nations Charter which vowed to form an international alliance with a common goal of upholding the rights of humans and encourage peace and cooperation among nations (Cazen 2003). Three years later, in 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was established and it set out the international standards for human rights (Cazen 2003). With regard to womens rights, it was said that the efforts to abolish slavery in the nineteenth century awakened the concern for womens rights during that time, thus began the international struggle for womens rights way back in 1948 during the Seneca Falls Convention and the International Women Suffrage Alliance in 1904 (Weissbrodt de la Vega 2007: 17). Domestic Violence: Definition, Causes and Prevalence in Australia Definition What is domestic violence? What are its causes and how does it affect the lives of women who are victims of such dilemma? These are some of the questions which we will address further in this essay. Domestic violence, as defined in the Article 1 of the UN Declaration of 1993 (as cited in Westendrop Wolleswinkel: 37) as: Any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological trauma or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occuring in public or private life. In further detail, the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women (1993) states that any form of domestic violence may occur in three areas such as: (1) In the family, where violence may be in the form of battering, sexual abuse of female children in the household, dowry-related violence, marital rape, female genital mutilation, other traditional practices harmful to women, non-spousal violence and violence related to exploitation; (2) In the general community where violence may include rape, sexual abuse, sexual harassment and intimidation at work, in educational institutions and elsewhere, trafficking in women and forced prostitution; (3) In the state, wherever it occurs, where violence is perpetrated or condoned. Furthermore, according to Laing and Bobic (2002), Australian literature recognizes that domestic violence, whether defined as domestic or family, may include a range of violent behaviours from physical, sexual, verbal, psychological, to emotional abuse, social isolation and forms of financial abuse (Laing Bobic 2002: 14 as cited in Access Economics 2004: 3). Prevalence The Victorian Government recognizes that women are at greater risks of family violence, sexual assault, harassment and stalking than men (Western Region Network Against Family Violence 2003:16) In addition, the Victorian Government also contends that women are more likely to experience violence in the home rather than in public places, especially in the hands of their previous or current partners, and most especially, the cycle of violence occurs in the context of an existing continuity of power imbalance and inequality between men and women in the society (Victorian Government 2002: 20 as cited in Western Region Network Against Family Violence 2003:16). Over time, various studies have been conducted in order to describe the prevalence of domestic violence in Australia. As mentioned in the previous paragraphs of this essay, the first break through in gathering the largest statistical data with accordance to incidences of domestic violence was conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics for their Womens Safety Survey in 1996, where they were able to gather 6,300 respondents. According to the results of the survey, one out of twelve Australian women who were married or in a de facto relationship experienced some form of violence from their current partners (Interbreur 2001). The ABS Womens Safety Survey also found that more women experienced violence from their previous or current partners rather another person, stranger or male known to them (Western Region Network Against Family Violence 2003:18). And in 2005, ABS Personal Safety Survey found that during the 12 month period prior to the time when the survey was conducted, 38% re ported to have experienced the assault from a male perpetrator, particularly their previous or current intimate partners (Parliamentary Library 2009). Moreover, in more recent data, in a study conducted by the Virued Payne in 2010, they found that more domestic homicides occurred in the year 2007 to 2008, wherein the victim usually shared a domestic relationship with the offender and 60% of these incidents were classified as intimate partner homicides. Now the question arises: why do men victimize women in abusive behaviour? Causes Women who are victims of domestic violence have no common factor. The act may occur to anyone, regardless of their socioeconomic status or their racial and cultural background (Better Health Channel 2011). However, women who are young, indigenous, have a disability, or those who live in rural areas were found to be at greater risk in incidences of domestic violence (Better Health Channel 2011). Furthermore, the Domestic Violence Resource Victim Victoria, through Better Health Channel (2011), identified some of the prevalent causes or reasons why some men inflict violence and abuse on some women, and it was said that domestic violence may be caused by a deep regard for masculinity or a firm patriarchal mindset of some males, and abusers often tend to blame the acts of violence to intoxication (alcohol), to other people, or other forms of circumstances. However, as what the Victorian government has stated, domestic violence may have roots on the existing power imbalance or continuing p atriarchal mindset of people. IV. Discussion International Law and Violence against Women: The Mechanisms and their Effectiveness As discussed earlier, the UN Declaration of Human Rights in 1993 set out the international standard for protecting the rights of individuals. However, although the UN charter has affirmed the supposed equality between women and men, the gender-blindness often resulted to cases of structural discrimination against women and womens rights were still ignored (Westendorp Wolliswenkel 2005: 20). During that time, international human rights law was limited to protecting only the public, political legal and social sphere and did not include the private sphere of the home and family (Westendorp Wolliswenkel 2005: 20). In effect, using the international human rights law as a framework to look into womens rights entailed certain methods and mechanisms to determine the obligations of governments to protect the human rights of women and to hold the government accountable if they fail to meet their obligations (Westendorp Wolliswenkel 2005: 20). For instance, the UN Convention on the Eliminati on of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), which was one of the mechanism used to address the issue, required all nation states who ratified the said convention to take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women by any person, organization or enterprise (Westendorp Wolliswenkel 2005: 21). Furthermore, in 1993, the UN finally declared violence against women as a human rights violation which required urgent attention (Westendorp Wolliswenkel 2005: 22). After the declaration, more conventions and mechanism were created; and another successful mechanism which was an outcome of the continued lobbying of women from different NGOs was the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action in 1995 and the Rome Statute in 1998 which included crimes such as rape, war crimes and other forms of crimes against humanity (Westendorp Wolliswenkel 2005: 23). Protecting the Rights of Women, Who is Responsible? Australias commitment to the ratification of CEDAW or the Womens Convention, as what Crazen (2003) was not as smooth and easy as what one might expect. Often, the common problem of states when ratifying mechanism or policies of international human rights law concerning womens rights is how to assimilate those international policies into their domestic policies without any form of confusion. There were many reservations from some nations when CEDAW was imposed by UN, and primarily these reservations effected to some nations weakening in the commitment to the alliance of upholding womens rights, and by doing so, they have reduced their obligations upon changing their domestic policies. In Australia, the Commonwealth recognizes that it is the role of the government to address domestic violence, so that they have created many committees and organization to cater to issues and incidences of domestic violence. As far as 1986, the Commonwealth of Australia commenced its role in addressing t he issue of domestic violence, followed by their efforts to establish the Office of the Status of Women (OSW). From then on, the Commonwealth has helped in the quest for keeping actual and factual records of incidences of domestic violence in Australia through sponsoring series of surveys from 1987 up to 2005 (Parliamentary Library 2009). However, the role of the Commonwealth is limited only to spear-heading standard approaches to policy and legislative reforms in the states and territories in Australia; each state then, will and must be the ones responsible in enforcing and implementing policies concerning domestic violence (Parliamentary Library 2009). Policy development in Australia has gone through a long way of reformation and implementation. During the 20 years of those policy making and developments, the government was able to focus on tertiary levels of intervention on domestic violence by providing sympathetic and victim centred care after the assault (Parliamentary Library 2009). These tertiary interventions exist in the forms of violence reports, law reform, provision of refugees, health care and accommodation and domestic violence services. V. Conclusions and Recommendations Majority of the Australian literature reviewed for the purpose of this essay reported that domestic violence and any form of abuse happening in the context of home and family are regarded as one of the most under-reported crime offenses in various states around Australia. As we have reviewed the figures since the earliest ABS Womens Safety Survey in 1996 to the homicide reports of the Australian Institute of Criminology in 2010, we see that even with the efforts of the government to implement committees and legislative reforms in order to address domestic violence and prevent them, the figures have shown us that the efforts may have had only futile effects on the total elimination of the incidences of domestic violence. Although domestic violence against women have been specifically defined by the UN, the law was found to be limited in addressing all forms of abuse, in such a way that some types of violence such as economic deprivation, excessive possessiveness or jealousy and enforc ed isolation were found to be not directly remediable through legal measures (Alexander Seddon 2002). Furthermore, throughout the review of related literatures for this essay, it has also been found that policy making was not the only problem with the slow progress for the elimination of violence against women, but also, there were underlying problems which prevented the effectiveness of the international law mechanisms. One of those reasons would be the existing power imbalance and the patriarchal mindset of societies and most specifically, the very high regard for masculinity amongst male offenders. Another would reason was that some societies wherein customs and traditions would often place women in the lower hand often react more defensively against the imposition of the international law mechanisms in their domestic legislation. Thus, throughout the world, there may still be some states that are guilty of condoning violence against women as they will argue that it is part of their customs and traditions. On a positive note, the Commonwealth of Australia has been consistent with its commitment towards the battle against the incidences of violence against women, by creating committees and funding surveys in order to check the current situation of the issue in Australia. However, their efforts may also come to waste since most victims of abuse would not be open to reporting the abuse to authorities. As we can see, there is a chain reaction which exists amongst perpetrators, the victims and the legislative reform: perpetrators continue to uphold the patriarchal mindset while the victims remain silent about the abuse, and then the government will have difficulty formulating policies for prevention and actions against the crime while they also have difficulty in obtaining accurate data of the real prevalence of domestic violence in Australia. Basing on these conclusions, it is then safe to recommend that a massive effort towards educating people about domestic violence be done. This may help in modifying the existing resentment or feelings of indifirrence towards the policies intended to prevent or solve cases of domestic violence. Education or knowing more about issue may provide enlightenment on people and soon modify their behavior and beliefs about domestic violence. It is also important to make the victims feel that they have the law to protect them, so that when they come out and report incidence of abuse, they will be assured of their safety and their lives will become normal again. When finally, victims will feel that it is safe and okay to admit that they are victims of abuse, accurate data will then be acquired and the government will see the real prevalence of the issue. As for the legal framework, there is still a long way to go before we can finally put every policy with regard to violence against in women at place, but the best thing to do would be to focus on the preventive actions, such as the tertiary measures provided by the Commonwealth, and to keep on pushing for reformations.

Labor Practices Paper †Sweatshops Essay

Bridget PeacoIn several countries across the world, individuals are being misused and mistreated on a regular basis by sweatshops and the people that run them. A sweatshop is a word used to define an operating atmosphere, generally factories producing textile products that are considered hazardous because of poor operating environments. It has been discovered that employees that work at sweatshops often experience metal, physical, and sexual abuse, they work extensively long hours with being unable to leave, without health care benefits while earning inadequate wages. These sweatshops are also found to employ women and children, as they are easier to manipulate. This ethical issue over sweatshops is a perplexing and long going corporate responsibility topic, among the business world. Corporations are confronted with the ethical problem of obtaining the lowest prices from sellers so they can provide low-priced goods to their consumers while withstanding ethical standards and maintaini ng a great public image. Is it ethical for businesses to benefit from employees that work in hazardous and undesirable conditions for little pay and long hours? It is of my conviction that corporations should not merely prioritize the number of their profits but also have a responsibility to humanity to perform in a socially responsible manner. Corporate social responsibility processes can be favorable to the brand image of a corporation so being socially responsible does not have to work against the business’s commitment to its shareholders; by changing a â€Å"triple bottom line† and contemplating the corporation’s economic, social, and environmental impact, an organization could successfully generate social benefits but it could also boost the company’s public persona. Organizations can change how they do business while still performing well with planning and some proper actions based on ethically made decisions. Mistreatment and neglect in sweatshops is a problem that has to be addressed. There has to be a balancing act, a way to better the environments for workers in clothing factories, in underdeveloped countries while maintaining low costs adequately enough that companies will continue to send jobs there, the greatest resolution could be unearthed.

Finance - 1020 Words

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For that, we owe a debt of gratitude to our employees worldwide, who aggressively brought costs down— even as they continued to bring exciting new†¦show more content†¦ibit 2 SUNSHINE SYSTEMS, INC | Consolidated Balance Sheets (in millions) | Assets | 2012 | 2011 | Current assets: | | | Cash and cash equivalents | $ 1,480 | $ 1,855 | Short-term investments | 595 | 735 | Accounts receivable, net allowances of $410 in 2012 and $534 in 2011 | 2,975 | 2,710 | Inventories | 1,063 | 565 | Deferred tax assets | 1,012 | 483 | Prepaids and other current assets | 979 | 492 | Total current assets | 8,104 | 6,840 | Property, plant and equipment, net | 2,710 | 2,105 | Long-term investments | 4,680 | 4,506 | Goodwill, net of accumulated amortization of $349 in 2012 and $88 in 2011 | 2,061 | 185 | Other assets, net | 850 | 545 | | $18,405 | $14,181 | Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity | | | Current liabilities: | | | Short-term borrowings | $ 5 | $ 10 | Accounts payable | 1,070 | 944 | Accrued payroll-related liabilities | 498 | 771 | Accrued liabilities and other | 1,384 | 1,175 | Deferred revenues and customer deposits | 1,847 | 1,299 | Warranty reserve | 335 | 221 | Income taxes payable | 100 | 230 | Total current liabilities | 5,239 | 4,650 | Deferred income taxes | 754 | 587 | Long-term debt and other obligations | 1,710 | 1,730 | Total debt | $ 7,703 | $ 6,967 | Commitments and contingencies Stockholders’ equity: | | | Preferred stock, $0.001 par value, 10 shares authorized (1 share which has beenShow MoreRelatedFinance1352 Words   |  6 Pagesfinancial manager differ from the traditional financial manager? 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The Debate Over The Abortion Debate - 1097 Words

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The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome - 1821 Words

In June 2015, the Republic of South Korea experienced an outbreak of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) that was rapidly transmitted across the general population. Transmission was most active within medical institutions, specifically the emergency rooms because of their overcrowded conditions. There are several interventions that can reduce the risk for MERS outbreaks in South Korea; however, the government’s lack of response in 2015 led to an epidemic that was larger than necessary. Furthermore, although there is currently no vaccine for the disease, MERS transmission is preventable with proper containment and infection control procedures. For this reason, international health organizations and governments have made efforts in implementing new public health agendas that have shown progress in various aspects, but additional research is still needed for short-term and long-term countermeasures. If the South Korean government can review its response me thods, then South Korea has the potential to prevent rapid transmission in future MERS outbreaks. Introduction The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) first emerged in 2012 from the Middle Eastern region, particularly the Arabian Peninsula (Banik). The MERS-CoV is a single-stranded RNA virus that, similar to the SARS-CoV and other coronaviruses, is prone to viral mutations that allow for the development of an enhanced human-to-human transmission (Chowell, Banik, Hui). AnimalShow MoreRelatedThe Middle East Respiratory Syndrome1748 Words   |  7 PagesThe Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a positive-strand RNA virus belonging to the C lineage of the Betacoronavirus genus. Since its identification in 2012 in a patient from Saudi Arabia, there have been seven hundred one laboratory-confirmed cases of MERS-CoV in eight different countries, boasting an alarming thirty-five percent patient fatality rate. Both alphacoronaviruses (alphaCoVs) and betacoronaviruses (betaCoVs) have been known to cause human disease, but a majorityRead MoreThe Middle East Re spiratory Syndrome2108 Words   |  9 PagesSaudi Arabia is a country that is known to attract religious visitors from around the world to take part in the yearly pilgrimage of Hajj or Umrah. The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome is a new infectious disease that is creating an uproar in the world because of the yearly gathering of around 3 to 4 million muslims to participate in Hajj and the year-long influx of pilgrims partaking in Umrah (Lessler et al., 2014). According to the European Centre of Disease Prevention and Control (2014), the firstRead MoreMiddle East Respiratory Syndrome Report Essay1291 Words   |  6 PagesMiddle East Respiratory Syndrome, also referred to as MERS-CoV, is a novel coronavirus that emerged in April 2012 in Saudi Arabia. The coronavirus causes severe repertory illness in humans in which nearly half of the reported cases have been fatal. Middle East Respiratory MERS-CoV has â€Å"also been shown to infect a range of human, primate, porcine, and bat cell lines† (Emergence of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome). The coronavirus was first discovered in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia at the Dr. SolimanRead MoreMiddle East Respiratory Syndrome Essay1148 Words   |  5 Pagesviral respiratory tract infections, also referred to as VRTI.3 Recently, a new strain of virus related to the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome commonly referred to as SARS has been identified.4,5 The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome is a viral infection that affects the respiratory tract in humans and has recently been discovered in a small number of animals.6 Although the disease is fairly new, considerable research has lead to significant findings on the epidemiology of the Middle East RespiratoryRead MoreMERS-CoV: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome726 Words   |  3 Pagesthe Middle East, became ill in Saudi Arabia (WHO). He visited the hospital once he started seeing symptoms of an flu-like illness (WHO). To figure out what this virus was, doctor and researchers collected nasal sputum from individuals who were sick with what see med like a new strain of the flu (WHO). This is when they discovered that the infectious agent of the illness was actually a coronavirus, which they called a novel coronavirus (CDPH). However, they renamed the coronavirus Middle East RespiratoryRead MoreMiddle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV)656 Words   |  3 PagesMERS-CoV is a respiratory disease that was first found in Saudi Arabia in 2012. This virus can cause people to get diseases such as the common cold to a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). MERS-CoV cases have been found in a few countries throughout the world, but mostly have been found in Middle Eastern countries such as Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia. Countries other than the Middle East have had MERS-CoV cases such as Germany, France, Italy, the United KingdomRead MoreMiddle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus1715 Words   |  7 PagesApril, 2014 Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Since its first description in 2012 by Dr. Ali Zaki1 the Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus has been confirmed in the infection of 206 individuals and has resulted in 86 deaths2. The disease resulting from MERS-CoV infection presents with a fever of greater than 100.4á µâ€™F, acute respiratory distress syndrome and pneumonia associated with acute renal failure1. The origin of the pathogen is in the Middle East includingRead MoreBackground and Origin on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome1172 Words   |  5 PagesSARS( Severe acute respiratory syndrome) Background/Intro/Origins SARS, also known as severe acute respiratory syndrome was first found in Foshan, Guangdong in November of 2002. SARS is a very new and rare disease. SARS was officially recognized as a threat by the World Health Organization in March of 2003. This outbreak was the only one ever recorded of its type, up until the recent Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. Scientists recognized SARS as a variation of the coronavirus. In humans, theRead MoreWgu C228 Task2 Essay1691 Words   |  7 PagesCommunicable Disease: MERS Outbreak In September of 2012, beginning in the country of Saudi Arabia, hospitals began seeing increased cases of a respiratory virus never before seen in humans. They named it Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, or MERS. MERS is a viral respiratory illness caused by the coronavirus. It was originally thought to have started there in Saudi Arabia. It was not until later that they were able to trace the origin back to Jordan starting in April of 2012. All outbreaks of MERSRead MoreGlobal Health Challenges Of India1675 Words   |  7 Pagessexually transmitted disease. It is one of global challenge which is face. HIV/AIDS are very well known infectious diseases in the world as Global burden diseases. These diseases greatest concern to people living in most low- and middle income countries and each causes more deaths each year. Many people faced stigma because of these diseases. HIV/AIDS:- Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a viral infection spread when body fluids like blood, semen, vaginal fluid

Evidenced Based interventions in Mental health Free Essays

Introduction How decisions are made within the treatment of psychological problems requires considerable thought and consideration. The purpose of this analysis is to look at the advantages of evidence based practice and how this can operate from a practical point of view and whether indeed it works as the most efficient and optimal approach to determining suitable treatment for psychological problems. Workbook 1 – Evidenced Based Practice The concept of evidence-based practice has gathered considerable pace in the last few decades and creates an acceptance of the idea that all practical decisions relating to medical or psychological treatment should be based on research and existing studies in the area which have been selected. We will write a custom essay sample on Evidenced Based interventions in Mental health or any similar topic only for you Order Now This research should then be interpreted in a direct way and applied to the practical situation presented by using these observations as a theoretical basis (Chambless and Hollon, 1998). When looking at this from a psychological point of view, which is preferred in this instance, evidence-based practice requires those engaged with this type of work to follow techniques based on research evidence that has already been presented. Various different criteria and approaches have been used over the years for example Chambless and Hollon in 1998 noted that there are specific criteria which need to be complied with when looking to use any form of empirically supported therapy. According to these criteria, a therapy would be considered to be both effective and efficient if there is evidence available from two different settings that indicate that the proposed treatment has performed better than some other placebo style treatment. To support this the example of cognitive behaviour therapy, which has been proven to be effective across a variety of different patient types, including adults, children and adolescents. However as noted in the research by Chambles and Hollon; there have been instances whereby the criterion has not been applied rigorously or to the highest standard. This can then bring into question whether or not evidence-based practices are efficient, not because the evidence-based practice doesn’t work but because the criteria of admissibility have not been followed correctly. An arguably more rigorous approach was taken by Saunders et al (2004) that suggest the research report being relied on should be put into six different categories depending on the theoretical background, such as the acceptance of the principal and any evidence of potential harm that is associated with the approach being looked at. In order to receive a classification in this manner, there needs to be some form of descriptive publication including, if necessary a manual as to how the operational aspect of the intervention work. This is arguably a much more rigorous approach as it recognises the various different ways in which evidence based research can then be used in practical decision making (Thomas et al 2010). Finally it is worth noting that in reality the most likely approach is that suggested by Kauffman’s best practices which are used when looking at intervention experiences that have a similar other fact pattern available for analysis. This is then deemed appropriate evidence and the practitioner will then follow the process that is considered to be the best practice in this particular area at the current point in time. When looking at the practical reality of using this evidence-based research there is a strong argument to suggest that this is the best possible approach as it simply encourages those involved in the provision of medical services to look towards similar situations and to identify how the practitioners have dealt with these problems and learn lessons from any failure to improve the intervention that they themselves then offer. Quite simply, this is the process of learning lessons from other mistakes or indeed learning lessons from the successes of others. Workbook 2 When providing care for individuals with mental health difficulties, one of the key challenges can be to ascertain the level of intervention that is appropriate. There is a key distinction between treatment and facilitated learning when it comes to assisting individuals with mental health difficulties in achieving improvement in certain areas of their treatment. In order to understand the concept of intervention, it is arguably central to understand this distinction. Intervention refers to the point at which the individual practitioner chooses to directly engage and interact with the patient (Rogers, 2003). Arguably, both treatment and facilitated learning are on this spectrum, with treatment being a prescribed and deliberate action by the practitioner whereas facilitated learning is much more geared towards encouraging individuals to learn on their own account whilst being supported by the practitioner, particularly where there are substantial mental health issues which may require ongoing treatment to prevent an irrecoverable mistake from being made (Rogers, 2003). A typical example of intervention in this type of situation may be that of therapeutic interventions which starts with the process by which the mental health professional themselves and service user develop a relationship that will enable them to discuss the best way forward (Griffiths, 2007).. This in itself can be used for therapeutic intervention, which will then allow the two parties to determine the best possible course of action example it may be that cognitive behavioural therapy is perceived to be the best way for and where this is the case. The combination of the two people will look towards establishing goals and agendas for this therapy. Depending on the nature of the problem and the extent of the damage that has been suffered it may be that professional has to take either a greater or lesser role. The process of learning is crucially important for both the healthcare professional and the service user themselves in order to ensure that interventions are planned, implemented and regularly reviewed. Any form of treatment should be viewed as an ongoing cycle whereby the next stage is then planned before being implemented and there is a process of learning from the elements that work well and those which could be improved (Ryan, 2012). As noted in the earlier part of this discussion, intervention involves a two-way dialogue process between the healthcare professional and the service user and therefore there is a continuously movement between the two entities as the professionals look for the best way to achieve the desired result by observing the activities of the service user . The service user is also then learning about the aspects of their treatment, which are being particularly productive with a view to becoming more self-sufficient over a prolonged period of time. When looking at the concept of learning in this broader sense the entire the entire intervention process facilitated learning can develop with both parties. Learning from each other and creating an effective strategy which may involve a completely different form of intervention at some point or another. It is argued here, however, that continuous learning is the central fact or as to whether or not intervention is ultimately a success. Conclusions By looking at the analysis above it is concluded that evidence based treatment is likely to offer a much deeper understanding of the treatment options available and crucially the practical likelihood of the success of such treatments. Intervention presents a real challenge as picking the precise point and level of intervention and it is argued here that intervention which is patient led will be more likely to be successful in the long run and should form a central part for this type of treatment. References Chambless, D., Hollon, S. (1998). Defining empirically supportable therapies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 7-18. Griffiths, C., (2007).The theories, mechanisms, benefits, and practical delivery of psychosocial educational interventions for people with mental health disordersInternational Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation. 11 (1), 21-28. Kaufman Best Practices Project. (2004). Kaufman Best Practices Project Final Report: Closing the Quality Chasm in Child Abuse Treatment; Identifying and Disseminating Best Practices. Rogers, A., 2003. What is the DifferenceA New Critique of Adult Learning and Teaching, Leicester: NIACE. Ryan, P., (2012). Empowerment, Lifelong Learning and Recovery in Mental Health: Towards a New Paradigm. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan. Saunders, B., Berliner, L., Hanson, R. (2004). Child physical and sexual abuse: Guidelines for treatments. Retrieved September 15, 2006, fromhttp://www.musc.edu/cvc.guidel.htm Thomas, M. Burt, M. and Parkes, J., (2010). Chapter 1. The Emergence of Evidence-based Practice, In McCarthy, J. and Rose P. Values-Based Health Social Care: Beyond Evidence-Based Practice. London: Sage. How to cite Evidenced Based interventions in Mental health, Essay examples

Global terrorism free essay sample

The word â€Å"TERRORISM† is a word that literally terrorizes people all around the world .But first of all what that this word terrorism mean . Terrorism is not new, and even though it has been used since the beginning of recorded history it can be realatively hard to define. Terrorism has been described variously as both a tactic and strategy; a crime and a holy duty; a justified reaction to oppression and an inexcusable abomination. Obviously, a lot depends on whose point of view is being represented. Terrorism can also be stated as the use of violence to achieve a political goal. Yes violence is there; striking terror is there, but for what reason? It is either to establish a government or to destroy one, or to establish a state, or to create one, or to destroy a state. In some cases, terrorism has been a means to carry on a conflict without the adversary realizing the nature of the threat, mistaking terrorism for criminal activity. Because of these characteristics, terrorism has become increasingly common among those pursuing extreme goals throughout the world. But despite its popularity, terrorism can be a nebulous concept. Even within the U.S. Government, agencies responsible for different functions in the ongoing fight against terrorism use different definitions. HOW DOES AMERICAN AGENCIES DEFINE TERRORISM: The United States Department of Defense defines terrorism as â€Å"the calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological.† Within this definition, there are three key elements—violence, fear, and intimidation—and each element produces terror in its victims. The FBI uses this: Terrorism is the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. The U.S. Department of State defines terrorism to be premeditated politically-motivated violence perpetrated against non-combatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience. THE RISE OF GLOBAL TERRORISM: What is global terrorism? How does a terrorism rise into a global terrorism? When the activities of any violence or terror those been remarked as terrorism is being done globally it causes global terrorism. In other words it can be defined as the terrorist activities that involves a forigen lands can also be termed as global terrorism. This global terrorism is usually carried by an organization against any group of people, nation or religion. In most of the global terrorist activities the terrorist target is any distant nation or involving two or more nations or organizations globally. Global Terrorism attacks are usually carried out in such a way as to maximize the severity and length of the psychological impact. Each act of terrorism is a â€Å"performance† devised to have an impact on many large audiences. Terrorists also attack national symbols, to show power and to attempt to shake the foundation of the country or society they are opposed to. This may negatively affect a government, while increasing the prestige of the given terrorist organization and/or ideology behind a terrorist act. GLOBL TERRORISM is a pejorative term. It is a word with intrinsically negative connotations that is generally applied to ones enemies and opponents, or to those with whom one disagrees and would otherwise prefer to ignore. What is called terrorism, Brian Jenkins has written, thus seems to depend on ones point of view. Use of the term implies a moral judgment; and if one party can successfully attach the label terrorist to its opponent, then it has indirectly persuaded others to adopt its moral viewpoint. Hence the decision to call someone or label some organization terrorist becomes almost unavoidably subjective, depending largely on whether one sympathizes with or opposes the person/group/cause concerned. If one identifies with the victim of the violence, for example, then the act is terrorism. If, however, one identifies with the perpetrator, the violent act is regarded in a more sympathetic, if not positive (or, at the worst, an ambivalent) light; and it is not terrorism. WHAT GIVES RISE TO TERRORISM IN THE WORLD? The one question that everyone asks is why there is a need for terrorism in the world. this question has multiple answers. First of all terrorism is a activity that is caused by a person or any organizations termed as terrorist. So what makes ordinary persons turn to terrorist is the first thing we have to think . I invite you to ask yourself, how does a beautiful newborn child transform into a terrorist? There are many complex answers to this question, but in the final analysis, it is caused by tremendous pain leading to tremendous rage, and the directing of that rage towards a foreign people, in this case, ourselves. The lure for terrorist groups seeking new recruits is an offer of relief from this pain, either in this life or the next. As Gordon and Corinne so poignantly stated, the only way to end terrorism is to end the pain and suffering which makes it possible. These pain and social deprivation or any other social issue or a grudge against any religion, organization or a entire nation is the main cause for the increase in terrorism in the world . Nearly everyone agrees that in all things change is inevitable. I would add to this that all change is growthful. Even changes that are outwardly regressive and harmful eventually lead to deep suffering, forced new insight, and forward growth. Thus, growth is not optional. It is an inevitable part of existence. The only option or choice is whether we will grow consciously and joyously or unconsciously and painfully. In early 1975, the law enforcement Assistant Adminstration in the United States formed the National Advisory Committee on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals. One of the five volumes that the committee wrote was entitled Disorders and Terrorism, produced by the Task Force on Disorders and Terrorism under the direction of H.H.A. Cooper, Director of the Task Force staff. The Task Force classified terrorism into six categories. Civil disorder – A form of collective violence interfering with the peace, security, and normal functioning of the community. Political terrorism – Violent criminal behaviour designed primarily to generate fear in the community, or substantial segment of it, for political purposes. Non-Political terrorism – Terrorism that is not aimed at political purposes but which exhibits â€Å"conscious design to create and maintain a high degree of fear for coercive purposes, but the end is individual or collective gain rather than the achievement of a political objective.† Quasi-terrorism – The activities incidental to the commission of crimes of violence that are similar in form and method to genuine terrorism but which nevertheless lack its essential ingredient. It is not the main purpose of the quasi-terrorists to induce terror in the immediate victim as in the case of genuine terrorism, but the quasi-terrorist uses the modalities and techniques of the genuine terrorist and produces similar consequences and reaction.[75] For example, the fleeing felon who takes hostagesis a quasi-terrorist, whose methods are similar to those of the genuine terrorist but whose purposes are quite different. Limited political terrorism – Genuine political terrorism is characterized by a revolutionaryapproach; limited political terrorism refers to â€Å"acts of terrorism which are committed for ideological orpolitical motives but which are not part of a concerted campaign to capture control of the state. Official or state terrorism –referring to nations whose rule is based upon fear and oppression that reach similar to terrorism or such proportions.† It may also be referred to as Structural Terrorismdefined broadly as terrorist acts carried out by governments in pursuit of political objectives, often as part of their foreign policy.